Compare And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6

Comp atomic number 18 And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6 ahead we discuss close to how the IP works at the intercommunicate grade to provide connectionless, best effort table service to the upper layers, we should transform what the role of IP is. To assistant us more transform roughly the question.Below be a few explanation of the cardinal role in the question.The profits communications protocol (IP) IP is a protocol used for communicating in initializeion across a big bucks-switched inter communicate utilise the Internet Protocol Suite, in addition referred to as TCP/IP, while the connectionless service is provided by IP meter reading 4.IP interlingual rendition 4 is just founding with limited note overhead to ensure it regress speed.The Network Layer -It is the 3rd layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the selective information nexus layer.U pper layer The stretch forth 3 layers of the OSI model, Session, Presentation and Application layer are referred to the Upper layers. These layers are trusty for applications communicating amidst hosts. None of the upper layers turn in allthing about networking or network credites.Connectionless/Best effort Service conversation between two network end-user in which a message apprize be sent from vector to receiver without lie withing of the receiver.The Internetwork Protocol (IP) provides a best effort network layer service for connecting computers to traffic pattern a computer network. to each(prenominal) one(prenominal) computer is identified by one or more globally unique IP appeal. The network layer PDUs are known as either mailboats or datagram. Each packet carries the IP yell of the sending computer and besides the address of the intended recipient or recipients of the packet. Other management information is also carried. The IP network service transmits da tagrams between intermediate nodes using IP routers. The routers themselves are simple since no information is stored concerning the datagrams which are forwarded on a link. The most complex part of an IP router is concerned with determining the optimum link to use to reach each culture in a network. This process is known as routing. Although this process is computationally intensive, it is only performed at daily intervals.An IP network normally uses a dynamic routing protocol to find alternate routes whenever a link becomes unavailable. This provides considerable robustness from the failure of either links or routers, but does not guarantee secure delivery. Some applications are happy with this basic service and use a simple transport protocol known as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to access this best effort service.Internet Protocol provides in discrepancy 4 (IPv4) is to ensure that the IP packet head is error-free through computation of a checksum at the routing nodes. This has the side-effect of discarding packets with bad headings on the spot, and cause the lost of data packet. The design of internet protocol is one of the crusade cause connectionless services. It assumes that the network infrastructure is inherently unreliable at any single network share or transmitting medium and that it is dynamic in terms of availability of links and nodes. Without any important monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or chief(prenominal)tains the state of the network. So in distinguish to easy the work, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission. Because of it, the network only can provide the best transmission and it was call the best-effort protocol.AdvantagesThey are homeless having no previously defined protocol.It is easily accessible.Fast deliver SpeedDisadvantagesThe lack of reliability allows any of the following fault events to occurdata corruptionlost da ta packetsduplicate arrivalout-of-order packet deliveryThe primary goal of IP is to provide the basic algorithm for transfer of data to and from a network. In order to achieve this, it implements two functions addressing and fragmentation. It provides a connectionless delivery service for the upper-layer protocols. This operator that IP does not class up a session (a virtual link) between the transmitting station and the receiving station former to submitting the data to the receiving station. It encapsulates the data handed to it and delivers it on a best-effort basis. IP does not inform the sender or receiver of the status of the packet it merely attempts to deliver the packet and go away not make up for the faults encountered in this attempt. This means that if the data link fails or incurs a recoverable error, the IP layer give not inform anyone. It tried to deliver (addressed) a message until failed.IP submits a properly formatted data packet to the close station and does not expect a status response. Because IP is a connectionless protocol, IP whitethorn receive and deliver the data (data sent to the transport layer in the receiving station) in the ruin order from which it was sent, or it may duplicate the data. Again, it is up to the higher-layer protocols (layer 4 and above) to provide error recovery procedures. IP is part of the network delivery system. It accepts data and formats it for transmission to the data link layer. (Remember, the data link layer provides the access methods to transmit and receive data from the attached cable plant.) IP also retrieves data from the data link and presents it to the requesting upper layer (Naugle, 1999).Compare and contrast IPv4 and IPv6. Justify your answer.There are two interpreting of the internet protocol are implemented in the network layer today, which is Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6).Today, most the internet are still implement the IPv4 but nigh of the in ternet are already can to IPv6, which is the newest version of the internet protocol. He also said that the Internet Protocol version 5(IPv5) is for experimental purpose, not for deployment purpose (White, 2009, p.348).There are differences between the current of IPv4 and IPv6. The main difference between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the addressing of the IPv4 and IPv6 that provided. White (2009, p.348) elaborate that there have only 32-bit addresses that used by IPv4, which means only reserve until 32-bit of the IP address that provide by IPv4. Forouzan (2007, p.549) argues with White that the IPv4 is 32-bit address, which mean the IPv4 address are unique, means the address are only one and universally when the connection between the line and destination. Forouzan also stated that the two devices cannot have the analogous internet protocol (IP) addresses when the connections are established between the source and destination. For example, if the source or destination at the network lay er has m connections to the Internet, it will require having m address.In IPv6, there have 128-bits long address that provided by IPv6 compare to IPv4, which consist of 32-bits address, means that the IPv6 address consist 4 times to IPv4 addressAnother difference between the current of IPv4 and IPv6 is the notation of the address that battle arrayn by the IPv4 and IPv6. Currently, the IPv4 addresses are being establish as 32 bits in binary notation, which is support 1 and 0 only. 1 is behave hostid and 0 is represent netid, and also computer only can understand the language which the human cannot understand. Each 8 bits are representing 1 octet, mean the 1 octet are consist of 1 byte. That why IPv4 are only support to 32-bit of address or 4-byte address. The following to lay out the example of the IPv4 address in binary notations01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010In order to make the human can understand and read the binary notation, the internet are converted the binary-notati on into decimal and separating the byte by using dot. The following to charge the example of the IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation117.149.29.2Refer to the figure 1.0, it represent that both the binary notation and dotted-decimal notation of the IPv4 address. Because each octet are represent 8-bits, the range of each octet are 0 until 255(Forouzan, 2007, p.550).Figure 1.0 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address ( blood line http//www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/manual4/ipdecimal.html).Similar to IPv6, the IP address in IPv6 also represent in binary notation. Only different is the IPv6 are using the hexadecimal colon notation to make the address understandable and readable. Refer to figure 1.1, 128-bit are being divided into 8 sections in the hexadecimal colon notation. Each section has 2 byte and each 2 byte is requiring 4 hexadecimal digits (Forouzan, 2007, p.567).Figure 1.1 IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation (Source http//www.slideshar e.net/WayneJonesJnr/ch19-3361671)Another the different between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the IP datagram format that represent by the IPv4 and IPv6. In IPv4, there are 15 palm in the IPv4 packet header. Refer to the figure 1.3, it show that the number of the ambit, the format of the IPv4. The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv4 is number 4 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field.The Intermediate Header Length (IHL) specifies the size of the packet header, which the multiples of 32-bit words. If the pickaxes require in the datagram, it will require filling the padding bytes with unusual multiple of 32 bit.The Type of Service (TOS) fields allow the process to determine the precedence, which is relative precedence of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path.The thoroughgoing Length (TL) or Packet Length (PL) field will di s gaming the whole packet size, including byte of header and data (Halsall, 2005, p.322).The Flags field consist three laterality flags, which is reserved control flags, Dont Fragment control flags and more than Fragment control flags. Two control frags, which are Dont Fragment control flags and More Fragment control flags, use to control the fragmentation (The TCP/IP Guide, 2005).The Time-to-Live (TTL) field is to indicate the maximum the packet can be transmitted through the Internet. When the packet passes through the router, the TTL will decrement the number of transit of the packet remaining by one hop. When the TTL become 0, the packet will be fling by the router.The Protocol field is enables the Network layer to pass the data to the correct upper layer protocol.The Header Checksum field is to identify the error at packet header. It also applied to entertain from packet corruption during the transmission of the network.The Source predict and Destination Address field is c ontaining the address where the packets send or comes from (Halsall, 2005, p.324).There are 5 fields in the options fields, which is copied fields, option class fields, option number, option length and option data. An option field is make all fragments of fragmented packets will save into the option if the option is being set by 1. Option class is define as a common option category, which 0 is represent control option and 2 is represent debugging and measurement option. The 1 and 3 is for reservation(Wikipedia,2010).Figure 1.3 IPv4 datagram/packet format and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005)In IPv6, there are only 9 fields in the IPv6 packet header, means that the IPv6 field has been simplified compare to the IPv4, contains 15 fields, as shown in figure 1.4.The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv6 is number 6 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field (TCP /IP Guide, 2005).The Traffic single out field is exchangeable function as TOS in IPv4, which is allow the process to determine the different priority of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path (Akashah, 2006).The Flow Label field is provided the additional support datagram delivery and quality of service (QOS) features with creating a large field.The Payload Length field is does not uniform the TL field from the IPv4, which is dis take to the woods whole size of packet but only display the load byte number. The length of the generation header would be counted if the extension header will be included, means including the Hop-by-Hop Option, Routing, Fragment, Encapsulating security department Payload (ESP), Au thereforetication Header (AH) and Destination Option.The Next Header field is to determine the first extension header of the next header in the datagram if the datagram contain the extension header. If the datagram contain only the main header and does not contain the extension headers, it will function as the IPv4 Protocol field. It also contain the same value, which the IPv6 version of the common protocol use though the new number.The Hop Limit (HL) field is similar function as TTL from the IPv4 field, which is remaining life of packet travel through the internet before discarded by the router while become 0. The purpose of the HL is preventing the packet infinite loop at internetwork. Before the packet send to the destination, the sending host will set the HL value. When the packets pass through the router, the router will decrease the HL value by 1 and until become 0, the packet will be discarded.The Source Address and Destination Address is similar function as the Source Address and Destination Address from the IPv4 field, which Source Address is contain the address where the packet are comes from. The Destination Address is contain the address that where the packet send to.Figure 1.4 IPv6 datagram/packet form at and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005)Section 2Introduction of the chosen game.The three games that we choose is beam of light Packet. Peter Packet is the education game represents the how the packets deliver through the internet. These games also represent how the packet can avoid from attacking virus and hackers. This game also can learn the lesson while the players play this game.How to play the chosen game? You may print test the layout to support your reports.Here we have the instruction how to play the Peter Packet this game.This is Peter Packet. He is responsible to deliver the life packet through the internet.Figure 2.0 The screenshot is represent which difficulties you hope to choose.Before you fate to play this game, first you regard to choose the difficulties of the game as show in figure 2.0.Figure 2.1 The screenshot is show which destination you want to chooseAfter we choose the difficulties, then we choose which destination we want to survive as shown in figur e 2.1.This bar is show that the health status of the fount.After we choose our destination we want, then we will show you the instruction how to play this game.Click the skip button to skip this section.The bar is show you that how many mission remaining you want to complete.Click the character if you want learn more about it.Press the back button if you want proceed to next section.Press the back button if you want back to previous section.Press the help button if you want to learn the tutorial again.Press the still button if you want to silent or you want the sound.Figure 2.2 Speed up the character by using common mackerel right or press the right arrowFigure 2.2 is show that if you want speed up the character you must press the right arrow or prompt the mouse to your right.Figure 2.3 Slow down the character by pressing odd arrow or move the mouse leftThe figure 2.3 is show that if you want to slow down the character, you must press the left arrow or moves the mouse to left.G et the encryption shields to protect from being caughtFigure 2.4 Get the encryption shields that protect from caught by Hackers.Figure 2.4 shows that if you want birth rid from the Hackers you must to get the encryption shields to protect the character. Otherwise you will jump up by using up arrow or move up mouse to avoid being caught. Same as the virus, if you want to kill the virus, you must get the antivirus sprayFigure 2.5 double click or pressing the up arrow twice if you want the character adds a flip.Figure 2.5 shows that if you jump not enough high, you can apply the flip for the character by pressing the arrow twice or double click.What are the benefits of playing this game to each of your groups member? Share your experiences and justifications.Leong Yun SiongThe Benefit that I gain from playing this game is know how the internet play role important are, how the packet pass through the internet and the world started to emphasis the education, especially the women and the children from loyal poor family and the personal hygiene. I also know how the router chooses the faster path of the network and also know how the electromagnet interference will interrupt the packet will cause the network congestion. I also know how the packet segmenting and reassembling.Phang Won MengThe Peter Packet is a funny game which contains a lot of utilitarian information. By playing this game, we can understand there are many obstructers equivalent hacker, Viruses and Route disruptions may occur when the packet are under the deliver. The game also provides and friendly user interface design with meaningful explanations and introduction to let player can learn more efficiency when playing the game. inner(a) the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of bare information like can learn information about social and environmental challenges in 3 countries that are Zimbabwe, Haiti and India in the developing world. Inside the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of extra information like that many people have died of AIDS and been exposed to HIV in Zimbabwe. Peter has the mission of helping to spread the word about this disease and get international aid. Players learn about the problems of lack access to clean drinking water in Haiti caused by years of environmental degradation from the harmful practice of intensive clear-cutting of trees, resulting in pollution and saltwater contamination. This useful information will help increase users knowledge and improve his moral.