Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Company Strategies Towards Health Awareness Essay Threats faced by the tobacco company is the raise of awareness on the hazard of smoking and the big increament in taxes. The awareness campaign usually came from the local government which tax is paid to. On the other hand, number of smokers keep on rising each day eventhough the proggresive campaign towards the awareness of hazards of smoking. Several resistance towards the development of tobacco company. Like wise, the company has to raise the good image of their company. By doing this, the bad image as a tobacco company which lead to unhealthy life style will be reduce. They tried to emerged with a lot of positive approach towards the effort on banning smoking in public area. The world tobacco industry generated sales of almost $721 billion in 2010 according to analyst. Cigarettes represent the leading market segment with revenue exceeding $681 billion, which accounts for almost 95% of the overall market. The yearly rate of market growth is expected to accelerate to be 4. 5% until 2015, bringing the market to almost $890 billion. The tobacco market involves the retail of tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos and chewing tobacco. There are currently around 1. billion smokers in the world; this figure is expected to climb at a rate of almost 4% per year. Tobacco is grown in over 120 countries worldwide, using close to 4 million hectares of total agricultural land available globally. Around 12 million cigarettes are smoked every minute around the world. Around 35% of men in developed nations smoke, compared with 50% of men in developing nations. Abou t 22% of women smoke in developed nations, compared with less than 10% in developing nations. Cigarettes represent the largest share of the tobacco market in sales volume and value. Though consumption levels have fallen, the absolute number of smokers has been climbing along with the global population and disposable incomes, reports Global Industry Analysts. China is the largest regional market for cigarettes. Cigars do not generate the same sales or sell in the same high volume as cigarettes. In a more recent trend, the social cachet attached to cigars has been boosting sales. As consumers become more health conscious, they are opting for cigars for their lower level of harm to health. Cigarillos, which are cigars that way less than three grams, represent the market segments recording the most rapid growth. In the past, cigars have been much less marketed than cigarettes, associated with a different demographic (that of the older male), and have not been paid much promotional attention by companies. Advertising of cigars is on the rise, along with aromatic filter varieties, which appeal more to younger and female demographics, and there are increasing numbers of tobacco-only stores in operation. The three leading companies in the global tobacco market are Philip Morris International, China National Tobacco Corporation and Japan Tobacco. Philip Morris International is the world’s largest tobacco company, which sells its products in 180 countries, and held a 16% stake in the international market outside of the US in 2010. Excluding China, the company holds almost 28% of the global market. As tobacco consumption in developed countries declines due to health awareness, tobacco companies are concentrating more on developing countries, including Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. The industry is focusing its efforts on advertising strategies such as offering low-risk products and re-launching existing products to attract female consumers. More recent product offerings include cigarettes flavored with mint, citrus, and vanilla, and low-risk products with reduced toxins and carcinogens or free of nicotine. The global tobacco industry continues to struggle with negative publicity due to health concerns, high taxes, and state regulations. Once seen as a social pass time, smoking is now perceived as anti-social and damaging to health, causing premature deaths and lunch cancer. Companies are now required to include health warnings on their product labels and are no longer allowed to undertake marketing campaigns. For example in America, the tobacco industry has funded state initiatives that provide resources to help smokers quit smoking as per the  Master Settlement Agreement  regulated by the U. S. government. For example,  Phillip Morris  USA operates a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Quit Assist†Ã‚  website that acts as a guide for those who choose to quit smoking. Companies and organizations can sponsor events, programs, festivals, performances, individuals, groups, teams, equipment and/or facilities, by providing financial support for activities, promotions and services. Sponsorship refers to the donation of money, services or in-kind support in exchange for recognition of the donation (e. g. , being listed as a â€Å"sponsor† of an event, production or competition). Many companies, including tobacco companies, engage in sponsorship for the purpose of promoting a product or a cause, supporting a needy group, establishing name recognition for a company or brand, earning publicity for a â€Å"good deed,† or building an image for a company, organization or product.

Graduation Speech: I Will Miss You All! :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

It's only been two years here, and I have grown to love this school. It's funny because when my dad told me about Tates Creek High School (TC) I begged him not to make me go there. It just didn't sound interesting. I felt like I wouldn't belong and I figured that I wouldn't get along with any of the teachers, but boy was I wrong! I never thought that TC would have changed me, and get my life back on track. First of all, everyone is always complaining about the uniforms, but I love them! All I have to do is throw it on in the morning. I don't even have to make them match or anything. One day I got up a few minutes before school stared, but since I didn't have to pick out my clothes I was still on time. It's so easy, no one is judging you because they have the exact same thing on. Now, to the teachers. What could I do without them? I remember one time during the year I had some family issues. The teachers could see that in my work and in the way I was acting, something was wrong with me. So basically every teacher talked to me to see what was going on and helped me to raise my grades back up. That is why it's so great to have that one on one attention. All the teachers, also make class endurable, and entertaining. They make it more fun to learn and put it in a way that makes me want to learn. They also are always going out of their way for me. I can't think of a time I have asked a teacher to help me with something or go over something and they have said "no I'm busy or "no I can't." It's always "sure, when?" I never would have guesssed that an acronym could change me, but it has. That acronym is C.R.I.S.P. C.R.I.S.P. inspired me to be a better person. Its great having that writeen everywhere and seeing it every day. I actually try to be a citizen, and try to respect and try to show initiative, and well you guys no where I'm going with this. I am just grateful for having something that inspiring 24/7. I never thought that I would say this, but I am happy how strict the school is.

King Kong Remake Analysis Essay

Movies have shown throughout our time that there is a strong underlying theme or message that can be unseen to most. It can be a minuscule significance to some, who focus on the violence and special effects, but once you start looking back at the big picture of certain films, there is so much more. A lot of people tend to focus on what is being filmed instead of how it’s being filmed. The difference is remarkable between the two films King Kong (1933) and the remake of King Kong produced in 2005. The perspective of how the story played out is very different between the two films. On one end, in the original, Kong is portrayed as a violent beast similar to a Godzilla type figure that is a huge threat to civilization. In the remake, it brings a deeper relationship to Kong to humanize his character. The audience can feel his emotions and reactions in a much bigger way to show he might be a powerful beast, but has a big heart too. The difference of how scenes are depicted by each director seems to be complete opposite visions of how the story plays out in each film. It’s interesting to see overtime how the outlook on how man deals with nature has dramatically shifted. Both films underlying messages can be very unnoticed with all the action, adventuring, and amazing special effects going on in the film. This ultimately makes it harder to pick out how power obsessed America was in the original, and how destructive we really are with nature today. It’s very apparent that both movies follow the same story line and plot, but how it is seen through the director’s eyes is very different. In both movies, the humans seem to be very destructive and disrespectful to nature. This is seen a lot more in the remake. Throughout original King Kong you never get that close to Kong to see how he feels and why he feels certain ways. A lot of the scenes with him in it displays very destructive behavior of him killing and tearing things apart. It sets him up as a monstrous figure similar to Godzilla, whereas the other movie personifies Kong as more of a humanized beast that is just looking for love and understanding. The newer film shows this by longer drawn out scenes between Ann and Kong that are almost intimate. Even though Kong cannot talk, the audience can tell how he’s thinking by facial expressions, along with his grunts and roars. It’s understandable the older film wasn’t able to show these certain sides of Kong due to technology and outdated special effects, but they still repeatedly display Kong’s actions and intentions strictly out of violence. In the original Kong, he is captured and put on display in New York City; he breaks out and is immediately enraged by the situation. He begins to run around the city damaging buildings, killing innocent civilians, and causing complete chaos. This again shows how Kong is a problem with society and a huge threat to anyone near him. Putting his image as this out of control beast brings the element that we have to conquer nature to express our true power with weapons and technology. This scene dramatically differs in the new film. Once Kong breaks free of captivity while being put on display on the stage, his focus is not on destroying and causing harm. His motivation is fully on being reunited with his love Ann. When he finally gets back together with her, they show just the two of them playing together in the snow at central park. They are laughing and enjoying themselves in a peaceful setting, showing that Kong means no harm at all. Until all of the sudden police and military forces interrupt the two with bombings, which puts a sense of how we are the evil force in the movie. Putting Kong on display like he was shows how we really do not respect nature. Its seen so much today that we start to treat animals as objects or material things to be used for our pleasure. Whether animals are used for food, or put in an exhibit at a zoo, it’s very apparent the respect for them is fading. A lot can argue that we need these things to survive or for our entertainment but we definitely go overboard. Our country does not think twice to slaughter millions of animals each day just for our benefit. It also wouldn’t be uncommon to see an animal’s head put up on display on a wall similar to a trophy or family picture. This develops a huge consequence because we don’t ever stop to think from the animal’s point of view. It seems to result in a lot of selfish acts by humans who don’t think twice about treating animals this way, which ultimately destroys their true worth of living beings. In the remake of King Kong, Kong is seen as a protector to Ann. He does not let anyone else harm her and never takes his eye off of her. No matter what the situation seems to be, his full focus is on Ann. In the original she doesn’t seem to be his top priority, and seems like he’s more about showing off how strong and powerful he can really be throughout the film. It’s very apparent in the scene where Kong battles two Tyrannosaurus Rex in the jungle on Skull Island. In the original, Ann is sitting off to the side watching from a distance very frightened. Kong continues to battle and barely acknowledges Ann and seems to worry more about his own well-being. There was even a point where she is pinned under a tree during the battle, and Kong doesn’t seem to notice her presence or screams until he’s finished with his fight. It is completely different in the new film. During the whole scene while fighting the Tyrannosaurus Rex, Kong has Ann wrapped up in his hand, and never lets go. He keeps her close to him at all times and makes sure she doesn’t get harmed. It really shows how Kong means well and looks out for her, almost as her guardian as they go around Skull Island. By doing this, the film really shows how Kong ultimately has good intentions with Ann. Seeing how he will defend Ann by any cost, shows that she has a place in Kong’s heart and he really does mean well. Even though Kong shows his loyalty out of violent acts, it’s still very obvious he does this strictly to protect the ones he cares about, bringing the viewers on Kong’s side. It shows how she is a true priority to Kong and his intentions are for the best, making him a more respectable character that doesn’t deserved to be captured. Building Kong’s character up as a protector and intelligent beast really puts the spotlight on us that we are the destructive force. This seems problematic today with all of the poaching and extinctions of our beloved animals, which we are the main contributors to. There are many cases where laws have been established because of people killing animals for clothing or cosmetic purposes. It shows we don’t believe these animals’ lives are worth much. It’s almost every day where you can see a commercial about donating money to help save or adopt some type of animal in need. When in reality, we probably wouldn’t need to do that if we made sacrifices ourselves to help protect our animals and environment. The last scene where Kong is shot down climbing the Empire State building makes arguably the biggest impression on how destructive we really can be to nature. As seen in the original, Kong is a huge problem in society and an untamable beast. This is a big reason why when the military and police forces are called in, they are portrayed as the hero type image saving the day. It shows it in a big way that we won’t be conquered by something like this, and humans can over power nature at the end of the day. However in the remake, it seems to be the complete opposite. Throughout the film the audience grows closer to Kong, and the last thing that is wanted is for him to be harmed. He has shown that he is loyal to Ann and just wants to be loved. That’s why when the airplanes are called in to destroy Kong; it’s almost hard to watch. It’s apparent that Kong did not want to be captured, and we now have to use violent force against him just because us humans can’t respect nature. It really shows how hypocritical we are and selfish the society can be. When captured he was praised and displayed as â€Å"The Eighth Wonder of the World†, but after breaking free, he needs to be killed. Humans never really look back and see how he might be feeling about ripping him out of his home, thinking he is just some type of ignorant animal that is to be put on display for everyone to look at. It definitely symbolizes how power hungry our country is. We are always trying to fix other countries problems and colonize the world when we have enough issues of our own to work out. In the end the military forces and planes bring Kong to his death, which presents another problem of how we use our technology available to take control and overpower situations. A lot of people view Kong as a problem and a threat to society because you see how violent and powerful he can really be. This is true, but that’s the exact reason we do not need to be capturing and taking Kong out of his environment. If we would have just let him be in peace in his own environment where he belonged, there would be no reason for having to kill him, But America’s greed for fame and money overpowers that in this film. It really goes to show how we are the destructive ones that have no respect for nature and it’s ultimately our fault this happened. It’s very vital to the viewers watching to see the significant themes shown throughout the films. It’s surprising how the same story can be displayed but with completely different underlying messages. The newer and drawn out film really enables the audience on how Kong is feeling throughout the film. It makes a huge impact on how you view everything else. Protecting and conserving nature seems to be the least of our priorities and degrades the worth of animal’s lives. Many viewers always look at it as â€Å"Beauty killed the Beast†, when really I believe we killed the beast with our destructive and selfish plans regarding nature’s finest things.

Comparing the Portrayals of the Villains from Tell-Tale...

Comparing the Portrayals of the Villains from Tell-Tale Heart and The Speckled Band The two villains in â€Å"Tell-Tail Heart† and â€Å"The Speckled Band† both have similarities and differences in their portrayals of murder, conveyed in the stories. They have disparities between motives and methods of murder, although there is a resemblance in the masterminds of murder. The villain in â€Å"The Speckled Band†, Dr. Grimsby Roylott was married to Mrs. Stoner in India who is prosperous with her wealth, but she had died in a train crash and bequeathed the sum of  £1000 to Dr. Roylott. This money was enough to fulfil the family’s needs as they moved into an old ancestral house in Stoke Moran. Roylott†¦show more content†¦Edgar Allan Poe creates a stereotypical villain in â€Å"Tell – Tale Heart†, because the killer always stalks the man in the â€Å"dead of the night†, especially when he is asleep. The realisation of this is that the victim is left vulnerable; a perfect scenario for the villain to assassinate. The killer is â€Å"patient† too, which would symbolise him deadly because a stereotypical murderer assassinates and scrutinises his victim without knowing his presence. The villain proves that he is bloodthirsty as he â€Å"dismembers† the corpse, by cutting off the â€Å"head, arms a nd legs†. This directly devises images of disgust as the corpse is mutilated, which would portray the slaughterer’s villainy temperament. He believes: â€Å"what you mistake for madness is but over – acuteness of the senses?†. We are unsure of his sanity, because he amazingly adjudicates his rights when we know his actions are unreasonable in society. Dr. Grimsby Roylott is an antagonistic person, who constantly finds disgust of other characters in his presence in the story. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has included great detail of the description of Dr. Roylott; â€Å"high, thin fleshless nose.† It establishes a depiction of a bird to kill a prey to replenish his hunger. This relates to the portrayal of a stereotypical villain, because it manifests evil from death. A

The Divine Command Theory A Man For All Seasons

The Divine Command Theory is a theory that says an action or behavior is considered right or wrong if it is commanded or condemned by God. Anything that God commands must be good, and anything that he denounces must be evil. According to DCT, a person is not moral without believing in God (Pojman 188-9). The DCT can be applied to Sir Thomas More’s reasoning and actions in his life. In Robert Bolt’s play, A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas More is viewed as a saint or a person who is morally good. More’s conflict comes from his refusal to go against his morals and self that were connected to God and the Catholic Church. He is willing to give up his family, friends, and life, but not his principles. More is asked to support the petition to the pope to have Henry VIII’s marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragà ³n, annulled so he could marry Anne Boleyn. More refused because divorce was not accepted in the Catholic faith. More opposes the divorce, but he declares that he prays every day that Catherine produces a male heir. Although More believes in God’s law, he expresses that man’s law provides protection. If one completely takes away human’s law, there is no way to endure the â€Å"Devil’s† corruption. He voices these thoughts to Roper, â€Å"This country’s planted thick with laws from coast to coast – man’s law, not God’s – and if you cut them down d’you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then?† (Bolt 66). In the play, Rich lied under oath when he told theShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Between Creation And Evolution2145 Words   |  9 Pagesis offered. Each position discussed is seemingly compatible with the Christian faith. The proponents of each view are able to reconcile their position with the divine inspiration of scripture and the gospel. It is only when a theory denies the authority of scripture and the gospel that it should not be referred to as a Christian position. All too often Christians are prone to deny the compatibility various viewpoints hold with Christianity simply because they do not comply with their own interpretationRead MoreLangston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion4176 Words   |  17 Pagesof Women W.E.B Du Bois and Booker T Washington: Political View In the 1920s, the somewhat genteel world of American poetry was shaken to its foundations when the Harlem Renaissance started. During those times, all over the United States, there was an outburst of strong black voices, writing with African-American cadences and rhythms. Moreover, during that period, generally different and diverse subject matters and styles subsisted in poetry. Furthermore, theRead MoreThe Theological Implication Of Luke 4 : 1-14 Essay2606 Words   |  11 Pagesof God, tell this stone to become bread.† (4)  And Jesus answered him, â€Å"It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone.’† (5)  And he led Him up and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. (6)  And the devil said to Him, â€Å"I will give You all this domain and its glory; for it has been handed over to me, and I give it to whomever I wish. (7)  Therefore if You worship before me, it shall all be Yours.† (8)  Jesus answered him,  "It is written, ‘You shall worship the Lord your GodRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pageswoods woven shade? Who will drive with Fergus. Finally, we get the reasons to be the alpha male - the man of action, in the repetition of the word rules. The alpha commands and takes what he wants. †¢ Im not sure if Fergus is man or God as the last four lines talks of his rule over woods,sea and stars. 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Philosophic doctrines (which, according to the author, are the basis of the talismanic art), theory of magic, astronomical, astrological and physical lore, extensive directions for the practice of the art, and accounts of the peoples by whom it is employed are jumbled together throughout the book, with no discernible guiding principle. If a systematicRead MoreA Modern Controversy: the Case of George Tiller Essay8892 Words   |  36 Pagestravel with a bodyguard. Recently, President Barack Obamas choice for health secretary, former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius, was widely condemned by the anti-abortion movement because she had received campaign money from Dr Tiller. A US man accused of murdering abortion doctor said he did it to save the lives of unborn children. I did what I thought was needed to be done to protect the children, Scott Roeder told the court in Wichita, Kansas. I shot him. Mr Roeder has pleaded not

Short Story - 1389 Words

It was a few hours before the arrival of the mysterious biker that the harsh blare ripped Olivia Young from sleep. It was the same blare that sounded every morning at six thirty, a blast of white noise filling the air of the dormitory room for ten seconds as the equally harsh, fluorescent white tube lights blinked into life over head. The room full of teenagers werent exactly springing into life, Liv included. A moan slipped past the slender brunettes lips as she rolled over on to her front, burying her face in the single pillow as she pulled the thin duvet up around herself. It took a few minutes, but gradually, the room began to rise. Moans and groans as aching limbs were stretched out replaced the blaring as gradually, the sixty or†¦show more content†¦Toilet, shower, breakfast. It was all a routine ingrained into the girls head over the two months that shed been at the facility. It was an impressive place. Beneath the run down, abandoned looking building on the surface was a modern, fully equipped, and secure training centre. Secure. Secure enough to keep intruders out of the military installation. And secure enough to keep the juvenile delinquents that made up the recruits very much in it. The dormitory was on the upper most of the two underground stories of the facility, a large glass wall opening out over the main room of the space. Double height, with a long oval running track, as well as space for more general training at the head. There were arching glass walk ways over the space, linking the dormitories on one side, to the row of class rooms and offices on the other, as well as the accommodation for the trainers and staff. A canteen, indoor shooting range, close quarter battle training area, hand to hand combat gym, even a climbing wall. Everything that was needed to shape these youngsters into military tools was there in the space. Liv was in the canteen, taking the chance to cram in some breakfast, when her usual routine was interrupted. The forkful of bacon was halfway to her mouth when a firm shove from behind into the girls shoulder sent it spiralling down towards the ground. Alright there Livvy! Came the crass voice from behind her as the girl whirled around angrily. John. The facilityShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. 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The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Statistical Sampling Assignment

Questions: 1) In Yoon (2005), determine the type of sample that was selected. 2) In Huh et al. (2004) determine the type of sample that was selected. 3) In Metzger (2006) determine the type of sample that was selected. 4) In Matsunga and Todd (2009) determine the type of sample that was selected From the Japanese population From the American population 5) In Conway and Rubin (1991) determine the type of sample that was selected. 6) In Neuwirth and Frederick (2004) determine the type of sample selected. 7) In Diener and Woody (1981) determine the type of sample selected in Study 3. 8) For the NCA data set (nca modified.sav) consider the 1,001 participants as the population. Take a simple random sample of size 30 and record the proportion of females in the sample. Repeat this 50 times to obtain 50 values for the sample proportion of females. Start SPSS and enter these 50 values in the first column. Construct a histogram for these 50 values. What is the approximate shape of this histogram? (You may need to use your imagination here depending on the results of your simulations.) Approximately where is the histogram centered? Answer: 1. Simple random sample2. Simple random sample3. Simple random sample4. Stratified random sample5. Cluster sample6. Simple random sample7. Purposive sample 8. Introduction: It was observed that most of the sampling distributions follow an approximately normal distribution. For this assignment, we have to check with the given data set. We have given a data set containing different variables. One of the variables in this data set is given as sex. For this variable, we are given a sample size of 1001 observations. By using some samples from these observations, we have to find the histogram for the proportion of females in these data sets and again we have to check the shape and structure of this histogram. We are interesting in checking whether it follows an approximately normal distribution or not. Procedure: First of all we have to take a random sample of size 30 from the variable sex given in the data set. We have to repeat this process about 50 times. That is, we have to select a total 50 samples of size 30. Then we have to find the proportion of females in each sample. Then we have to find the descriptive statistics for these 50 proportions. Also we have to draw the histogram for these 50 proportions of females. We have to check the shape of the histogram whether it follows an approximate normal distribution or not. We have to check at which value the data is centred. Let us see this step by step by using SPSS. Data analysis: First of all, let us see some information about the total observations given for the variable sex in this data set. We are given a total observations as 1001 and we found that there are total number of males is 478 and total number of females is 523. That is, proportion for female in the total observations is given as 52.2% or 0.522. The proportion for the male is given as 47.8% or 0.478. The SPSS output is given below: Statistics sex N Valid 1001 Missing 0 sex Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 478 47.8 47.8 47.8 Female 523 52.2 52.2 100.0 Total 1001 100.0 100.0 Now, we have to take the 50 samples of size 30 from the given data for the variable sex. Then we have to calculate the proportions of females for each sample. The proportions of these 50 samples of size 30 are given in the following table: Sample No. Proportion of female Sample No. Proportion of female 1 40.95502326 26 51.27777853 2 58.71984001 27 53.23472705 3 53.6938884 28 49.83418127 4 54.35901276 29 49.95743763 5 51.69683661 30 52.51152629 6 50.47701603 31 53.62696924 7 49.61262808 32 48.48401742 8 53.92512653 33 57.60656333 9 48.40706528 34 54.1941655 10 46.76494334 35 48.35132368 11 53.87762596 36 52.26253738 12 49.2199217 37 50.52487109 13 49.62147471 38 49.7573443 14 56.08128077 39 49.90728761 15 52.32568856 40 54.76303163 16 52.61949497 41 53.42068393 17 44.83826512 42 48.35487342 18 53.48641247 43 57.04045955 19 49.53616485 44 54.01028057 20 52.13452921 45 51.80268777 21 53.21964813 46 49.76943762 22 52.99027824 47 51.36415712 23 54.97215734 48 49.95485869 24 53.93664378 49 54.95175683 25 49.64889798 50 48.74594296 Now, we have to see some descriptive statistics for these 50 proportions of females. Descriptive statistics are given below: Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Female proportion 50 42.40 2605.08 52.1016 3.90992 15.287 Valid N (list wise) 50 The average proportion for female is observed as 52.10% or 0.521 with standard deviation of 3.91%. Now, let us see some other descriptive statistics for these proportions of females given in the following table: Descriptive Statistics N Range Maximum Mean Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error Female proportion 50 18.13 60.53 .55295 -.088 .337 -.198 .662 Valid N (list wise) 50 The histogram for the female proportions is given as below: This histogram follows an approximate normal distribution and the centre of this histogram is located at the value 52%. That is, we get the sampling proportion for female same as the population proportion of females. Let us see the p-plot for normality for the female proportion which is given as below: This p-plot suggests that the sampling distribution follows an approximately normal distribution. Conclusion: It is concluded that the sampling distribution of the female proportions centred at the value of female population proportion. Also, it was observed that the sampling distribution follows an approximately normal distribution with the mean approximate equal to the population proportion. References: 1. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997.2. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001.3. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972.4. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001.5. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979.6. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.7. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 19678. Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946